apelin signaling pathway  (TargetMol)

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles from bovine nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324179

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) STRING network of 141 more abundant NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Complement component C1q complex (red), complement and coagulation cascades (blue), complement activation classical pathway (green); C) Cluster 2: Proteasome (red); D) Cluster 3: Axon (blue), axon guidance receptor activity (red), Ephrin signaling (green); E) Cluster 4: Ras signaling (red), axon guidance (green) and MAPK signaling pathway (blue); F) Cluster 5: Hemostasis (green), regulation of MAPK cascade (blue), complement and coagulation cascades (red); G) Cluster 6: ECM (pink), integrin binding (light green), collagen binding (sky blue), ECM receptor interaction (red), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (blue), ECM organization (yellow), signaling by RTKs (dark green). STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.

Article Snippet: Environmental Information Processing , Regulation of actin cytoskeleton Focal adhesion Rap1 signaling pathway ECM-receptor interaction PI3K-Akt signaling pathway Chemokine signaling pathway Apelin signaling pathway Sphingolipid signaling pathway Ras signaling pathway cAMP signaling pathway MAPK signaling pathway , bta04810 bta04510 bta04015 bta04512 bta04151 bta04062 bta04371 bta04071 bta04014 bta04024 bta04010 , ACTN1, C9, COL6A1, COL6A3, FLNA, FN1, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAQ, GNB1, GSN, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPG2, ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGB1, LAMC1, MSN, MYH9, PFN1, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAC1, RHOA, RRAS, RRAS2, RAP1B, TLN1, YWHAQ, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAZ.

Techniques: Coagulation, Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles from bovine nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324179

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) STRING network of 484 NP small EV proteins; B) Cluster 1: Extracellular vesicle biogenesis (red), multivesicular body sorting pathway (blue), ESCRT I complex (pink), ESCRT (green), Flotillin complex (yellow); C) Cluster 2: Detection of oxidative stress (black), pentose phosphate pathway (red), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (blue), biosynthesis of amino acids (green), carbon metabolism (pink), pyruvate metabolism (dark green), TCA cycle (yellow), glutathione metabolism (sky blue), HIF1 signaling pathway (purple), amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (ochre yellow), activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria (brown), regulation of localization of FOXO transcription factors (grey); D) Cluster 3: Regulation of Schwann cell migration (blue), G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (green), axon guidance (red); E) Cluster 4: Rac protein signal transduction (red), RAS protein signal transduction (blue), small GTPase mediated signal transduction (green), RAP1 signaling pathway (yellow), EPHB-mediated forward signaling (pink), VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway (dark green), signaling by Rho GTPases (sky blue); F); Cluster 5: MAP2K and MAPK activation (red), RAS signaling pathway (green), MAPK signaling pathway (pink), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (yellow); G) Cluster 6 version 1: Cell adhesion mediated by integrin (red), mesodermal cell differentiation (blue), angiogenesis (green), regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction (yellow), negative regulation of apoptotic process (pink); H) Cluster 6 version 2: ECM receptor interaction (red), focal adhesion (green), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (blue), axon guidance (yellow), TGFβ signaling pathway (pink); I) Cluster 7: Positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly (blue), actin cytoskeleton organization (red), EPHB mediated forward signaling (green); J) Cluster 8: ECM assembly (pink), cartilage development (green), angiogenesis (blue), blood vessel development (red), cell adhesion (yellow), PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (dark green). ECM: Extracellular matrix; ESCRT I: Endosomal sorting complex required for transport I; STRING: Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins; NP: Nucleus pulposus.

Article Snippet: Environmental Information Processing , Regulation of actin cytoskeleton Focal adhesion Rap1 signaling pathway ECM-receptor interaction PI3K-Akt signaling pathway Chemokine signaling pathway Apelin signaling pathway Sphingolipid signaling pathway Ras signaling pathway cAMP signaling pathway MAPK signaling pathway , bta04810 bta04510 bta04015 bta04512 bta04151 bta04062 bta04371 bta04071 bta04014 bta04024 bta04010 , ACTN1, C9, COL6A1, COL6A3, FLNA, FN1, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAQ, GNB1, GSN, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPG2, ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGB1, LAMC1, MSN, MYH9, PFN1, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAC1, RHOA, RRAS, RRAS2, RAP1B, TLN1, YWHAQ, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAZ.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Translocation Assay, Migration, Transduction, Cell Differentiation

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Proteomic profiling of small extracellular vesicles from bovine nucleus pulposus cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324179

Figure Lengend Snippet: NP small EV protein cargo and membrane constituents are involved in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle and PPP. They are crucial for energy production and to maintain the cellular redox balance. NP small EVs with the aid of the 20S proteasome, ensure protein quality control and reduced inflammation in a recipient cell. NP small EVs modulate signaling through EPH receptors, impacting cellular communication and tissue organization. Additionally, NP small EV interact with the complement system, influencing the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways involved in immune responses and inflammation. The PI3K/AKT/RAS signaling pathway is axis is impacted by the NP small EV proteome, which could promote ECM synthesis, cell growth and proliferation. Together, these processes underscore the essential role of the NP small EV proteome in sustaining NP cell function and NP niche homeostasis. ECM: Extracellular matrix; EPH: Ephrin receptor, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, NP: nucleus pulposus, PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, PPP: pentose phosphate pathway, PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, RAF: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, RHEB: RAS homolog enriched in brain, mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, small EV: small extracellular vesicles, TSC1/2: tuberous sclerosis proteins 1 and 2. This illustration was created on Biorender. ( www.biorender.com/ ).

Article Snippet: Environmental Information Processing , Regulation of actin cytoskeleton Focal adhesion Rap1 signaling pathway ECM-receptor interaction PI3K-Akt signaling pathway Chemokine signaling pathway Apelin signaling pathway Sphingolipid signaling pathway Ras signaling pathway cAMP signaling pathway MAPK signaling pathway , bta04810 bta04510 bta04015 bta04512 bta04151 bta04062 bta04371 bta04071 bta04014 bta04024 bta04010 , ACTN1, C9, COL6A1, COL6A3, FLNA, FN1, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAQ, GNB1, GSN, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPG2, ITGA3, ITGAV, ITGB1, LAMC1, MSN, MYH9, PFN1, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAC1, RHOA, RRAS, RRAS2, RAP1B, TLN1, YWHAQ, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAZ.

Techniques: Membrane, Control, Cell Function Assay

Journal: Theranostics

Article Title: Exercise ameliorates osteopenia in mice via intestinal microbial-mediated bile acid metabolism pathway

doi: 10.7150/thno.104186

Figure Lengend Snippet: FMT from exercised mice activated apelin signaling pathway. (A) PCA plot of samples from TranspCtrl and TranspExer groups (n = 3 per group). (B) Volcano plot of DEGs. (C) Enrichment analysis of upregulated DEGs in the TranspExer group. (D) Heatmap of expression levels of genes associated with the apelin signaling pathway. (E) Relative mRNA expression levels of Apln , Aplnr , Adcy4 , and Adcy5 . (F) Serum apelin concentration. (G) Representative apelin-stained IHC sections. (H) Relative mRNA expression levels of Pparg , Cebpa , Fabp4 , and Lpl . (I) Representative H&E sections depicting adipose tissue. (J-K) Quantitative analysis of J) number of adipocytes and K) adipocytes area. (L) Representative µCT images of tibias in TranspCtrl and TranspExer mice treated with AAV-Ctrl or AAV-Apln. (M-N) Trabecular bone microarchitecture showing BMD and Tb. N. Graphs show mean ± SEM (n = 6 per group), with statistical significance determined by two-tailed student t test in E-F, H, and J-K, and one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test in M-N. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The apelin signaling pathway was suppressed using the apelin receptor antagonist ML221 (TargetMol, USA), wherein mice were administered ML221 (150 μg/kg) via tail vein injections three times a week for 8 weeks .

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test